@article {334846,
	title = {Cultural Variations in Children{\textquoteright}s Mirror Self-Recognition},
	journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1019-1031},
	abstract = {
	Western children first show signs of mirror self-recognition (MSR) from 18 to 24 months of age, the benchmark index of emerging self-concept. Such signs include self-oriented behaviors while looking at the mirror to touch or remove a mark surreptitiously placed on the child{\textquoteright}s face. The authors attempted to replicate this finding across cultures using a simplified version of the classic {\textquotedblleft}mark test.{\textquotedblright} In Experiment 1, Kenyan children (N = 82, 18 to 72 months old) display a pronounced absence of spontaneous self-oriented behaviors toward the mark. In Experiment 2, the authors tested children in Fiji, Saint Lucia, Grenada, and Peru (N = 133, 36 to 55 months old), as well as children from urban United States and rural Canada. As expected from existing reports, a majority of the Canadian and American children demonstrate spontaneous self-oriented behaviors toward the mark. However, markedly fewer children from the non-Western rural sites demonstrate such behaviors. These results suggest that there are profound cross-cultural differences in the meaning of the MSR test, questioning the validity of the mark test as a universal index of self-concept in children{\textquoteright}s development.

},
	author = {Broesch, Tanya Lynn and Callaghan, Tara and Henrich, Joseph and Murphy, Christine and Rochat, Philippe}
}
