Cheng, J. T., J. L. Tracy, T. Foulsham, A. Kingstone, and J. Henrich. “
Two Ways to the Top: Evidence That Dominance and Prestige Are Distinct Yet Viable Avenues to Social Rank and Influence.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 1 (2013): 103-125.
PDF Tracy, J. L., A. F. Shariff, W. Zhao, and J. Henrich. “
Cross-cultural evidence that the pride expression is a universal automatic status signal.”
Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 142, no. 1 (2013): 163-180.
PDF Supplement House, B., J. Henrich, B. Sarnecka, and J. B. Silk. “
The development of contingent reciprocity in children.”
Evolution and Human Behavior 34, no. 2 (2013): 86-93.
AbstractCooperation between nonrelatives is common in humans. Reciprocal altruism is a plausible evolutionary mechanism for cooperation within unrelated pairs, as selection may favor individuals who selectively cooperate with those who have cooperated with them in the past. Reciprocity is often observed in humans, but there is only limited evidence of reciprocal altruism in other primate species, raising questions about the origins of human reciprocity. Here, we explore how reciprocity develops in a sample of American children ranging from 3 to 7.5 years of age, and also compare children's behavior to that of chimpanzees in prior studies to gain insight into the phylogeny of human reciprocity. Children show a marked tendency to respond contingently to both prosocial and selfish acts, patterns that have not been seen among chimpanzees in prior studies. Our results show that reciprocity increases markedly with age in this population of children, and by about 5.5 years of age children consistently match the previous behavior of their partners. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
PDF Barrett, H. C., T. Broesch, R. M. Scott, Z. J. He, R. Baillargeon, D. Wu, M. Bolz, et al. “
Early false-belief understanding in traditional non-Western societies.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 280, no. 1755 (2013): 20122654.
AbstractThe psychological capacity to recognize that others may hold and act on false beliefs has been proposed to reflect an evolved, species-typical adaptation for social reasoning in humans; however, controversy surrounds the developmental timing and universality of this trait. Cross-cultural studies using elicited-response tasks indicate that the age at which children begin to understand false beliefs ranges from 4 to 7 years across societies, whereas studies using spontaneous-response tasks with Western children indicate that false-belief understanding emerges much earlier, consistent with the hypothesis that false-belief understanding is a psychological adaptation that is universally present in early childhood. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used three spontaneous-response tasks that have revealed early false-belief understanding in the West to test young children in three traditional, non-Western societies: Salar (China), Shuar/Colono (Ecuador) and Yasawan (Fiji). Results were comparable with those from the West, supporting the hypothesis that false-belief understanding reflects an adaptation that is universally present early in development.
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